Power in Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Power in Organizations - Assignment Example    However, this perspective is limited by the limits of human abilities with regard to both individual ability to rationalize and overall cost of adopting a rational strategy in terms of personal, social and organizational costs. The exploitative perception, on the other hand, focuses on Marxist theory of exploitation. It speaks about the exploitation of different groups of persons in society by other classes of people. Such exploitation of segments of the population is a distinct feature of capitalistic, free markets where capital is the dominant factor. Capital is viewed as a social resource rather than a physical economic resource used to extract value of labor. This management approach considers workers as mere exploitable productive labor, and the value of workers’ wages is unequal to the value of products they make. Through this system, management always ensures surplus values that are enjoyed by the capitalists. Marxist theorists define exploitation as the labor theory of value, which affirms that the market price of a commodity is a function of quantity of labor time socially required to create the product. Therefore, because the organization makes profits on account of its workers, then the wo rkers are deemed to be exploited. The limitation of this approach is that the nature of work remains boring and mechanical, and the relationship between employers and employees remains hostile because labor is forced and workers are antagonized by their employers leading to low morale (Thomas, 2003).

Understanding Psychology Essay Example for Free

Understanding Psychology Essay I chose Karen Salmansohn and Don Zindell’s How to be Happy, Dammit (2001) primarily because of the title’s first impression upon me—it did not appear to be a conventional self help book that took itself seriously. A lot of people seem to resent the idea of reading self-help books and this book seem to be geared exactly towards those types, and I was intrigued as to what this book has to offer. The graphics also looked appealing as well as the book’s unusual dimensions. Of course, I also considered that I should get something for myself when reading a book to review, the title suggests that the author is somewhat more intelligent (or at least uses a more intelligent approach) than the run-of-the-mill self-help author. The book’s thesis is that a person (the cynic) can become happy by deciding to become happy. The book asserts that a person must maintain a rational mind and must make active decisions (and not just passively wait for life’s pseudo random events) to directly affect his state of mind. She supports this by bringing on forty-something life lessons that, viewed with the proper perspective, actually makes sense. The author tries to avoid the usual, drawn-out cliches by referencing various areas. It is peppered with witty remarks and draws inspiration from a number of different fields such as psychology, pharmaceuticals, biology, math, mountain climbing, even Bazooka Joe’s wisdom: â€Å"Never compromise your dreams†. It really isn’t that she’s saying something new, but she has a refreshing approach to some old ideas. The writer affects a whimsical, familiar tone that makes for very easy reading. It was an easy read, taking me just about an hour to finish, and would perhaps qualify as a coffee-table book, but is something really thought-provoking. She has a decent sense of humor and doesn’t seem to take herself seriously, but at the same time sounds sincere. She creates spoofs of famous and familiar lines to drive her points across, like stressing that one should have â€Å"Great Non-Expectations†, or that one should possess â€Å"the power in: I Think Therefore I Have†. The Psychological theory may be that emotions can be directly affected by the conscious decisions that a person makes. Akin to the idea that just as being happy makes a person smile, smiling can also make an unhappy person a bit happier. By being a rational being, as in Carl Jung’s conjecture one who controls his actions by thinking (Morris 340), one would, as the author puts it, attain the â€Å"secret to happiness. † Another life lesson in the book that illustrates this is the assertion that one could always choose how he projects his feelings toward life, that we always have a choice. Life is a series of random events, but we can control what direction we’re going (or at least we can control our feelings, no matter what the circumstances. ) The books intended audience is the unhappy disillusioned crowd, those who abhor and cringe at the thought of reading self-help books. The book has, on some level, given me ideas, or at least made a concrete illustration of ideas that have always been afloat in my mind in some vague form. Luck is, ironically, something you can create, and that life must be lived now. I would recommend this book to someone who is jaded or seems to have lost hope being happy. It won’t take long to read, and whoever’s reading it could sure appreciate the humor. It may or may not prove to be the key to ultimate happiness but it would at least make a fun and interesting read. Works Cited Morris, Charles G. and Albert A. Maisto. Understanding Psychology. Upper Sadle: Prentice Hall, 2001. Salmansohn, Karen and Don Zindell. How to Be Happy, Dammit: A Cynics Guide to Spiritual Happiness. Berkeley: Celestial Arts, 2001.

Physical Demands In Handball Physical Education Essay

Physical Demands In Handball Physical Education Essay Indian physical education has covered a long distance from ancient to modern period, during this period it has faced so many problems.1 In ancient time Indian games and sports were very much concerned about the development of the physique and for the art of offence and defense. The games were also considered for the kind of recreation, which played a vital role in the development of a mans personality. Games and sports, music, fishing, boating, singing dancing and water sports, had played important role in the life of human being.2 Physical Demands in Handball Handball is an Olympic sport played professionally in many countries. In spite of professionalization, this game need to scientific information to increased handball players performance. This can be due to many reasons, one of them is that most of the research which has been conducted in this field has been published in Eastern European countries and is not readily accessible to the sport science community. Another reason can be attributed to the conservative approach of most coaches towards physical conditioning for handball players. Modem handball is a fast game, characterized by incredible athletic performances by athletes. In fact, modern handball players are able to perform many different moves like jumping, running, change of directions and technical movements in very short time and with an order determined by the tactical situation. Players run with and without the ball, in line and with different paths, jumping, throwing, passing and receiving in motion or during flight represent the technical characteristics of a modem top handball player. Then, to excel at the highest levels, it is important that training methodologies are developed on simple basis specificity. The closer to the demands of the performance, the better the training is. To obey to the law of specificity we have to know exactly what are the physiological demands of handball performance. Research in Handball Handball matches have duration of 60 minutes divided in two halves lasting 30 minutes each. During this time players cover a total distance ranging from 2000 to 6000 meters, based upon different situations position on the field, tactical defensive and offensive characteristics of the team and characteristics of the game itself and so far and so forth. In a work presented by Cuesta (1988) handball players of the Spanish national team have shown to cover the following distances based upon playing position Left wing-3557 meters, Right wing-4083 meters, Left back-3464 meters, Right back-2857 meters, Pivot player- 3531 meters. The above-mentioned distances are close to the ones recorded in Konzak Schake (in Cuesta, 1988) related to DDR players. In a study conducted in Italy with a specific apparatus Play Controller, (Phromos, Perugia) 5000 meters were covered by a right wing during an official match of the Italian Second league. It is important to affirm the total displacement of players on the field is affected by many different parameters. Tactical disposition, position on the field, characteristics of the match itself, are all factors which in some way can affect the amount of space covered by the players on the field. However, what is important to say is that handball players cover the total distance alternating high-intensity actions (sprinting, fast direction changes, jumping) with game phases characterized by relatively low metabolic demands due to the low intensity of the actions. It can be said then that the metabolic demands of modern handball involve the aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways. As a supportive evidence, Konzak and Schacke (in Cuesta, 1988), have shown that, during a Handball match, players perform 190 rhythm variations, 279 change of direction and 16 jumps. Then, based upon what these authors say, a handball player performs a total 485 high-intensity movements in 60 minutes and aver age of 8 per minute, above results show that handball players require lot of physical capacity during match situation. Necessity of Assessment in Handball Team handball is a complex sport, which requires players to have well developed aerobic and anaerobic capacities Motor ability such as a sprinting, jumping, flexibility and throwing velocity represent physical activities are considered as important aspects of the game and contribute to the high performance of the team. Successful performance requires explosive power of the leg and arms, sprinting velocity and kinaesthetic feeling in ball control. On the other hand in a modern time handball players model specific anthropometric characteristics play a supportive role in helping better performance of athletes under the actual competitive condition. Specifically, body, height, body mass, palm span and palm length are important in improving athletes performance and are considered as basic criterion for athletes selection in various playing position. Specific skills also considered as the fundamental and important aspects of the game. First consideration in the training programme in handba ll must be given to skill.3 AAHPER, one of the well known institute regarding health, physical education and recreation in America also made survey about skill test and norms. Skill test and norms always help the players to evaluate their performance in the game and to provide an impetus to improvements. Need of evaluation of Handball players.4 Need of evaluation of Handball Players As compare to other games handball is most popular and fastest game in the world. It needs good physical structure, physical fitness and skill. For handball game it is quite difficult to evaluate the player because coach, selection committee, physical education teachers have to consider the above aspects. Evaluation of the players is the important process for teaching and coaching, through evaluation, a coach, selection committee members, physical educator and players know the draw backs of their games. At the time of evaluation coach advice players to improve the draw backs in their games. Hence, the coach, selection committee member and players must be aware of some evaluation techniques, which enable him to measure the fitness and skill objectively and classify them initially as well as by measuring the progress made by them. Handball players require good physical fitness, good body structure and good fundamental skill of handball for top performance in handball.5 Evaluation of sportsman is a must to identify their area of weaknesses and designed training model for improving specific athlete deficiencies. It also helps to follow the athlete improvement during training and game session. There are various tests for physical activities and games which help to measure the playing abilities of the players in different games. The test helps the players to evaluate their performance, predict future performance, indicate weakness, place the athlete in appropriate training programme or training group, motivate the athlete and to provide an incentive for improvement. The tests also help the trainers, coaches, selection committee to measure players performance and to evaluate their own coaching procedure and programme. These, tests should be used For the selection process, but unfortunately at the time of selection, selection committee only consider performance of the player on the basis of single game situation as a selection criterion. Unavailability of proper norms for selection of senior handball players in Maharashtra and in India is one of the main the reason of it. So the researcher has decided to conduct the study entitled Reforms in the Norms of Selection procedure for Maharashtra State Senior Level Male Players in Handball Game 1.1. History of Handball Ancient History Game including the hand and a ball looks back on a unbelievably long tradition. Even if the rules and the way of playing were hardly in line with todays handball, the Urania game played by the Greek which had already been mentioned in Homers Odyssey or Harpaston played by the Romans described by Claudius Galenus (AD 110 200) among others may definitely be characterized as prototype of todays handball. Such precursors also existed in todays Central Europe. Minnesingers Walther von der Vogelweide (1170 1230) sang about a, catch ball game, whereas in the 16th century, the Frank Rabelais described a kind of game in which the hands were used for playing the ball. Another game similar to handball was played by Greenlands Intuits at the end of the 18th century. The actual beginnings of the game of handball didnt develop until the end of the 19th century. A corresponding game was held in Nyborg (Denmark) in 1897. From that point on, fixed rules for ball games played between teams emerged . Games such as Treibball played against or over a border (Grenzball or Raffball, Konigsberger Ball) were well-known. Moreover, there were games towards baskets or against nets (German netball, nevjall. Turmball ), and later on games towards goals without ball control. Players were not allowed to run with the ball and to hold it longer than three seconds (Handball 1906 in Sweden, Neuer Raffball, Torball). Further development included games towards goals with ball control. In this case, players were allowed to run three steps with the ball or to hold it for three seconds. A kind of game from the Czech Republic was called Hazena, a form of field handball which already included the division of the playing field into three parts characterizing field handball. However, countries such as Denmark, Germany and Sweden are considered as the real handball pioneers of modern times.6 Modern Development Field handball was pushed by German gymnastics teacher so that, alongside handball, it became popular as an alternative to football, especially for women. In 1917, Max Heiser formulated the first official handball rules for women. Two years later, Karl Schelenz added the rules for the men. In the 20s, handball became a national sport. On the occasion of a meeting in The Hague (Netherlands) in 1926, the Congress of the International Amateur Athletics Federation appointed a commission for the elaboration of international playing rules for field handball. In 1928, the International Amateur Handball Federation (IAHF) was founded in Amsterdam on the occasion of the IX Olympic Games. One of the foundation members was Avery Brundage (USA) who later became IOC President in 1933; handball was included in the Olympic Programme. At the XI Olympic Games in Berlin, host Germany won the final and therefore the gold medal in the pouring rain in front of an audience of 100.000 people, beating Austria 10:6. One year after the end of World War II, representatives of eight nations met in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, and launched the International Handball Federation (IHF). It is considered founded on 11 July 1946. The nations; involved in the foundation are Denmark, Finland, France, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden and Swi tzerland. In 1960, the last Womens Outdoor World Championship was played whereas the last Mens Outdoor World Championship took place in 1996. At the XXXII Congress in Cairo, which has been the last official one so far, 167 member federations were counted. By now, handball is being played in 183 countries and the number of teams amounts to approximately 800,000. 1.2. History of Asian Handball Federation The march of the Asian Handball Federation had began when the Martyr Shaikh Fahad Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah head of the Kuwaiti delegation to the seventh Asian games, Tehran Iran 1974, presented a motion to the Executive Committee of the Asian Gamess requesting recognition of the handball game and also formation of the Asian Handball Federation. Consequently, in 1976, Handball Federations from all over Asia were invited to attend the establishment meeting during which representatives from fourteen Asian countries. Since its establishment in year 1974, AHF activities have been progressively expanding as its strategy has been focused on development and expansion of the handball game in the Asian continent. AHF members have been also actively involved in the remarkable achievements throughout the way.7 Table 1.1 Result of Asian Handball Championship Sr. No Year Host Country Gold Silver Bronze 1 1977 Kuwait Japan Korea China 2 1979 China Japan China Kuwait 3 1983 Korea Korea Japan Kuwait 4 1987 Jordan Korea Japan Kuwait 5 1989 China Korea Japan Kuwait 6 1991 Japan Korea Japan China 7 1993 Bahrain Korea Kuwait Japan 8 1995 Kuwait Kuwait Korea Bahrain 9 2000 Japan Korea China Japan 10 2002 Iran Kuwait Qatar Saudi- Arabia 11 2004 Qatar Kuwait Japan Qatar 12 2006 Thailand Kuwait Korea Qatar 11 2008 Iran Korea Kuwait Saudi- Arabia 14 2010 Lebanon Korea Bahrain Japan 15 2012 Jeddah Proposed 1.3. World Championship In 1938, the first Indoor Handball World Championship was played in the Deutschlandhalle in Berlin. This first Tournament was held with only four participating teams. The first field handball WC was held in July of the same year in Berlin and other German cities, which was also won by Germany who were then Olympic champions (in 1936) and dual world champions. Both WC tournaments were administered by the IAHF (International Amateur Handball Federation), the forerunner organization of 1946 founded IHF, which was founded in 1928, and meant to be celebrational events for the l0th birthday of the Organization. The first World Championship took place in Germany in 1938, involving four teams from Europe. Throughout their history, the World Championships has been dominated by European teams any medals have yet to be won by non-Europeans.8 Table 1.2 Result of Handball World Championships Sr. No. Year Host Country Gold Silver Bronze 1 1938 Germany Germany Austria Sweden 2 1954 Sweden Sweden West Germany Czechoslovakia 3 1958 East Germany Sweden Czechoslovakia Germany 4 1961 West Germany Romania Czechoslovakia Sweden 5 1964 Czechoslovakia Romania Sweden Czechoslovakia 6 1967 Sweden Czechoslovakia Denmark Romania 7 1978 Denmark West Germany Soviet Union East Germany 8 1982 West Germany Soviet Union Yugoslavia Poland 9 1986 Switzerland Yugoslavia Hungary East Germany 10 1990 Czechoslovakia Sweden Soviet Union Romania 11 1993 Sweden Russia France Sweden 12 1995 Iceland France Croatia Sweden 11 1997 Japan Russia Sweden France 14 1999 Egypt Sweden Russia Yugoslavia 15 2001 France France Sweden Yugoslavia 16 2003 Portugal Croatia Germany France 17 2005 Tunisia Spain Croatia France 18 2007 Germany Germany Poland Denmark 19 2009 Croatia France Croatia Poland 20 2011 Sweden France Denmark Spain 21 2011 Spain Proposed 1.4. Handball in Olympics After 1936, field handball was no longer played at the games; Indoor handball was presented for the first time at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich. The introduction of womens handball to the Games took place in 1976 in Montreal. The Soviet Union won this first womens Olympic competition, taking home two gold medals after the 11-team mens competition and the six-team womens one.9 Table 1.3 Result of Handball Olympics Championships Sr. No. Year Host Country Gold Silver Bronze 1 1936 Berlin Germany Austria Switzerland 2 1948-1968 Not include in Olympic programme 3 1972 Munich Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia Romania 4 1976 Montreal Soviet Union Romania Poland 5 1980 Moscow East Germany Soviet Union Romania 6 1984 Los Angeles Yugoslavia West Germany Romania 7 1988 Seoul Soviet Union South Korea Yugoslavia 8 1992 Barcelona Unified Team Sweden Spine 9 1996 Atlanta Croatia Sweden France 10 2000 Sydney Russia Sweden Spain 11 2004 Athens Croatia Germany Russia 12 2008 Beijing France Iceland Spain 13 2012 London France Sweden Croatia 1.5. History of Handball in India In India, handball has become famous among other sports played at Schools, colleges, university, clubs and professionally. It is world second fastest game and always considered as a high fitness, perception, speed, timing, accuracy and agility. With its rules and regulation and playing set up is being popularly played in India. It is a devoting and challenging game. Indian athletes also represent National and International competitions in this game but lake of scientific Training, Knowledge, dirty politics, quota system research based information the results of handball players are very poor in international area. Handball entered India in early seventies with filed version (11 a side) outdoor game and Indian handball federation was formed in 1971, with 16 states as its units was played in its infant days in India, first senior national championship held at Haryana (Rohatak). Soon it spread all over the country but state like Punjab, Haryana, Jammu-Kashmir, A.P and Maharashtra have e dge over other states as far as standards and popularity of handball in India, On date IHF 33 units (States, Boards, Steel Plants and Railways) Punjab Police, Services C.I.C.F, C.R.P.F Professional team which dominated handball Scene the country. The place of this game in Asian was given in 1982 which was held in India at Delhi. This game was included all India-Inter University in 1979-80 and first All India Inter University held at Nagpur, Nagpur university won the Gold Medal, Silver Medal was won by Punjab, Bronze Medal was won by Osmania and Kurukshetra University got fourth place in men section. Women section Nagpur University P.A.U. University and Bombay University were bagged Gold, Silver and Bronze accordingly. Handball was included is a National games. Services, Punjab, Haryana, Jammu-Kashmir, Kerala, A.P and Maharashtra these states have given many International players to India. Indian team has participated at various international tournaments. Out of which India could win Second youth commonwealth handball championship held at Dhaka in 1995 after being runner up in 1990 at New Delhi, youth team also got second Place in 1997 commonwealth youth handball championship held at Edinburgh U.K. Apart from participation of India team some in club teams like Services, Punjab police, SAI, Gujarat and National Handball academy club participate in championship held at Malaysia, South Africa and Cochin. Services Handball team participated in world military Games. Punjab Police team remained runners up in South Africa. After infusion of handball events in police arena, it has generated more competition in national and state championships. Presently services team is the senior national champion. Similarly handball was introduced Maharashtra in 1972 at Nagpur and first handball state championship held at Nagpur. Since handball is most popular team game in Maharashtra and provides many quality International players. Presently Pune District team was champion of State Championship.10 Table 1.4 Result of Handball National Championships Sr. No. Year Host Country Gold Silver Bronze 1. 1972 Rothak Haryana A.P. 2. 1973 Hyderabad A.P. U.P. 3. 1973 Pune Punjab Bihar J K 4. 1975 Bangalore Bihar A.P. J K 5. 1976 Jamshedpur I.A.F. Bihar 6. 1977 Nizamabad I.A.F. Bihar 7. 1978 Shrinagar I.A.F. J K 8. 1979 Hyderabad I.A.F. A.P. 9. 1979 Ludhiana I.A.F. Maharashtra J K 10. 1980 Jammu I.A.F. Maharashtra 11. 1981 Hyderabad I.A.F. J K 12. 1982 Delhi I.A.F. Maharashtra A.P. 13. 1983 Wardha 14. 1985 Quilon I.A.F. A.P. Punjab 15. 1986 Bhadreswar Services Maharashtra J K 16. 1986 Bilaspur Services Steel Plants Punjab 17. 1987 J K Services Steel Plant Punjab 18. 1988 Jaipur Services Steel Plant Haryana 19. 1990 Hissar J K Services Haryana 20. 1991 Bhilai Services Steel Plant Punjab 21. 1992 Shimoga Services Steel Plant J K 22. 1992 Bilaspur Services Steel Plant J K 23. 1993 Ludhiana 24. 1994 Lucknow Services Steel Plant U.P. 25. 1994 Jamshedpur Services Karnataka Punjab 26. 1995 Warangal Services Punjab Steel Plant 27. 1996 Nagpur Services Punjab Steel Plant 28. 1997 Jallandar 29. 1997 Trivandrum Services Steel Plant Punjab 30. 1998 Vijayawada Services M.P. J K 31. 1999 Pune Services Rajasthan M.P. 32. 2000 Calicut 33. 2001 Bhilai M.P. Services Punjab 34. 2002 Jammu J K Chhattisgarh Services 35. 2003 Bhilai Chhattisgarh Rajasthan Services 36. 2004 Renikot Punjab Chhattisgarh Services 37. 2004 Jamshedpur Jharkhand SSCB Chhattisgarh 38. 2005 Bhilai Chhattisgarh Kerala Punjab 39. 2006 Ludhiana Punjab SSCB Chhattisgarh 40. 2007 Bilaspur Punjab SSCB Chhattisgarh 41. 2008 Bangalore SSCB Chhattisgarh Punjab 42. 2009 Vishakhapatnam SSCB Punjab Chhattisgarh 43. 2010 Kolkata Chhattisgarh SSCB Punjab 44. 2011 Indore SSCB Punjab Delhi 1.6. Statement of the Problems On the basis of overall observations, experience and general discussions which have been made with experts, referees, national and international players and reviewing of literature on the same theme, it is opined that there is an essential need to frame standard criteria for the selection of efficient and suitable players for handball game to be played at state or national level. Accordingly the present researcher has designed the following statement of problems: 1) Selection of players only on the basis of individual performance in a particular match is not always desirable. 2) In the selection process, basic motor qualities and skills are the most important factors to be considered in order to improve overall performance of the team in the long run. 3) There is no any criterion devised on the date for senior handball players in Maharashtra to provide guidelines for selection of suitable players. 1.7. Significance of the study There are an only a few research studies that have been conducted on this direction in India. Hence, as a serious dearth of research on it, the present study is an immense important to handball coaches, trainer and physical education teachers for making effective coaching and training as well as framing strategies for selecting suitable handball players in a team. It will be proved so fruitful to the selection committees to assess and evaluate the individual performance of handball players to use them for state, national level handball teams. The study may also provide an opportunity and encouragement to the sports talent to go through the standard norms and criteria for their practice in order to enhance their performance for getting selection in state, national team. Besides, the study is to provide an opportunity to research fellow to conduct further research in new dimension in the competitive arena. 1.8. Objectives of the study 1. To identify the performance variables of team handball. 2. To measure selected Morphological, Physical Fitness components and Handball skills. 3. To develop the Norms for Senior handball State level players. 4. To design grading scales for Senior handball State level players. 5. To find out Physical Fitness and Skill status of senior handball players on the basis of developed norms. 1.9. Hypotheses 1. The subjects have performed the fitness and skill test truthfully and with full capacity. 2. The subjects are medically, physically and psychologically fit for tests conducted by the researcher. 3. Maharashtra State Handball Association will permit to conduct the test on the subjects. 1.10. Delimitation of the study 1. This study is restricted to male senior handball players only. 2. This study measures the results of selected morphological, physical fitness and skills only. 3. The study geographical restricted to the Maharashtra state only. 1.11. Limitations of the study 1. The subjects covered under the study from various districts and regions of Maharashtra states having different economical status, diet and training. These are highly impossible to control, hence are limitation to study. 2. Heredity and environmental background of subjects may affect their performance in matches and they have not been controlled. . 1.12. Definitions In order to clarify the further discussion in the study, the following terms have adopted. Norms 11 Norms are performance standards based on analysis of scores. They are developed by collecting scores for a large number of individuals of the same gender and similar age, experience, ability and other such characteristics. Norms may be developed at the National, state or local level. Percentile, T-scores and Z-scores are forms of norms. Pcrcentile12 For the current study the percentile refers to a point in a distribution of scores below which a given percentage of the scores fall. Morphology13 It is a systematic study of external structure and form. Standing Height14 It is the maximum height of the individual when standing erect on a horizontal surface with his head and face in Frankfurt horizontal plane. It is the straight height of the subject (bare-footed) up to the point vertex. It is generally in meters nearest to half of the centimetre. Body weight15 Weight of the nude human body with empty bowels, is known as a body weight. It is measured by the help of weighing machine, is recorded in kilogram nearest to half of kilogram. Physical fitness16 It is the optimum ability to excel in physical strength, stamina and suppleness with respect to status, development and maintenance (SDM). Physical fitness has also defined as ones capacity to perform routine tasks with ease without any fatigue having sufficient extra energy for leisure time activities (WHO) Muscular Strength17 Muscular strength may be defined as the maximal muscular force or tension used in the creation or prevention of the movement in one maximal effort of a muscle group. Muscular Endurance18

The Time Machine :: essays research papers

As fabled as fairies and dryads, only slightly more scientific, the imaginary device referred to as the â€Å"time machine† has gained many prospective engineers over the years. Young boys ponder thoughts of returning to Jurassic times in a time machine of their own, while little girls dream of princesses in castles. Even as we grow older, we fancy that such an appliance might help us revoke that angry diatribe towards our boss, or take us back to yesterday when we bought that lotto ticket. Certainly, the contraption has procured a wonderful spot on our list of â€Å"Things I Wish Bill Gates Would Hurry Up And Design.† But who exactly was it that first conjured up such an idea? Most definitely not Bill Gates. In the late 1800s, H.G.Wells entertained many, as well as making a reputation for himself in the writing business, when he composed his â€Å"extraordinary voyage† The Time Machine. The Time Machine was perhaps the first book that allowed the world to accep t the thesis that seeing is not believing. Our â€Å"voyage† begins much like any other book of the 1800s, with many respectable people gathered together in a drawing room. Not only is it redundant, but it is the forecast of a positively boring book. However, we must remember that just as weather forecasts have a way of being uncannily incorrect, book forecasts are commonly wrong as well. There is a psychologist, a medical man, a very young man, Filby, a provincial mayor, our narrator, and the Time Traveller himself. The group listens rather skeptically as the Time Traveller attempts to convince them of the validity of such trekking, even when he presents them with a miniature replica of the time machine he claims to have built for himself in the laboratory. When the â€Å"mini-machine† seems to disappear in mid air, they pass it off as a clever party trick. However, the resolute scientist invites the group back for a second dinner party the following week where he hopes the true device will be completed. The following week, the assemblage returns only to find that their host is absent. Mid-way through the main course, the Time Traveller appears, looking rugged and distressed. After shoveling the entrà ©e into his mouth in a manner very much resembling a feasting lion, he sits to tell his story. The group listens intently as he divulges the details of his experience traveling to the year Eight Hundred and Two Thousand Seven Hundred and One A.

A Young Lady With Feet Swelling Health And Social Care Essay

A 29-year-old Indonesian domestic assistant, Ms MH, was admitted to medical section, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, complaining of bilateral pess and mortise joints swelling and bubbling piss for 1 hebdomad. There was no hematuria, dysuria, urinary frequence, urgency, febrility, joint hurting, tegument roseolas, sore pharynx, recent upper respiratory piece of land symptoms or GI symptoms. She denied taking any herbs or nonprescription medicines. Her past medical history and household history were everyday. She was a non-smoker, and denied history of unprotected sex. She recalled that her first twenty-four hours of last catamenial period was approximately 2 hebdomads before the admittance. On scrutiny, she was afebrile, with bosom rate 103 beats per minute and blood force per unit area 144/71mmHg. She had periorbital hydrops, facial swelling and opposing hydrops of 4 limbs. There was no lividness. Her fundoscopic scrutiny was normal. Jugular venous force per unit area was elevated. On ausc ultation, her thorax was clear, her bosom beat was regular with a non-displaced cardiac vertex, and there was no bosom mutter. Abdominal scrutiny did non uncover any abdominal mass or bruit. She did non hold any skin roseolas or joint puffiness. Dipstick uranalysis showed 3+blood, 2+protein, and negative for glucose. Urine gestation trial was negative. Her blood trial showed normochromic, normocystic anemia ( haemoglobin degree 10.5g/dL ) and deranged nephritic map trial ( serum creatinine: 168i? ­mol/L ) . Her white cell count was 10.4 ten 10^9/L, the albumin degree was 24g/L and the liver map trial was normal. Her serum entire cholesterin degree was 5.2mmol/L, low denseness lipoprotein degree was 3.7mmol/L and fasting plasma glucose was 4.5mmol/L. The everyday microscopy of piss was positive for ruddy blood cell, ruddy cell dramatis personae, and was negative for white blood cell. The urine sum protein was 1.13g/day and the creatinine clearance was 10 mL/min. Mid-stream piss for civilization was negative. The clinical image was compatible with nephritic syndrome or quickly progressive glomerulonephritis ( RPGN ) , and anemia. Further probes showed that serum anti-nuclear antibodies ( ANA ) , antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies ( ANCA ) , anti-streptolysin O ( ASO ) antibody, and anti-glomerular cellar membrane ( anti-GBM ) antibody titres were undetectable. Serum C3 and C4 complement degrees were normal. Hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-hepatitis C virus antibody, serum cryoglobulin and blood civilization were negative. Ultrasound scan of nephritic system revealed normal-sized kidneys with increased echogenicity, which was suggestive of nephritic parenchymal disease. Nephritic biopsy confirmed Immunoglobulin ( Ig ) A nephropathy. The reticulocyte count was normal, peripheral vilification showed mild poikilocytosis, and serum Fe profile was non implicative of Fe lack. Faecal supernatural blood trials were negative in all of the 3 stool specimens. Serum and urine paraprotein were n egative, and bone marrow scrutiny showed active marrow. Ms. MH was given low dose frusemide for diagnostic alleviation of peripheral hydrops, and was given angiotensin change overing enzyme inhibitor ( ACEI ) for control of blood force per unit area. She was assessed by nephrologist and was suggested to go on these medicines, and to mention to renal clinic for consideration of steroid therapy when serum creatinine is on increasing tendency or when albuminuria progresses to nephrotic scope. She tolerated the medicines and was on a regular basis followed up in the medical out-patient clinic. Discussion ** ( entire words for instance history and treatment must be 1000-2000 ) : Ms MH, a healthy 29-year-old lady, presented with 1 hebdomad history of dependent hydrops, high blood pressure, microscopic hematuria, and a low grade of albuminuria ( urine sum protein: 1.13g/day ) . Urine microscopy revealed white blood cell, ruddy blood cell and ruddy cell dramatis personae. This clinical image is compatible with glomerulonephritis, which can be loosely classified into renal-limited primary glomerulonephritis or secondary glomerulonephritis perplexing systemic disease. Further blood trial for serologic markers of glomerulonephritis, viz. ANA, ANCA, anti-GBM antibody, ASO titres, hepatitis serology, blood civilizations and cryoglobulin titres were undetectable, therefore excepting secondary glomerulonephritis. Nephritic biopsy remains the gilded criterion for unequivocal diagnosing of glomerulonephritis. The biopsy specimen can be examined under the light microscopy in order to find the primary histopathological hurt to the uriniferous tubule. Under light microscopy, immunofluorescence survey is able to place three major forms of deposition of Ig, viz. farinaceous, additive and dearth of immunofluorescence staining. Farinaceous deposition of Ig is a trademark of immune complex glomerulonephritis. Linear deposition of Ig along the glomerular cellar membrane is characteristic of anti-GBM disease. Dearth of Ig and positive circulating ANCA represent glomerulonephritis caused by ANCA-related vasculitis. ( 1 ) Ms MH was eventually diagnosed to hold IgA kidney disease, which is the commonest cause of primary glomerulonephritis throughout the universe. ( 2 ) Typical oncoming of the disease is in the 2nd and 3rd decennaries of life, as manifested by our instance. Majority of patients are diagnosed during an rating for symptomless microscopic hematuria or mild albuminurias. Macroscopic, and frequently perennial, hematuria that occurs shortly after an upper respiratory tract infection is a authoritative but less common presentation. Patient with IgA kidney disease may besides presented with nephrotic-range albuminurias, RPGN or, seldom, malignant high blood pressure. ( 3,4 ) As demonstrated by our instance, the complement degree is typically normal in IgA nephropathy. Light-microscopically, IgA nephropathy can change from mild mesangial proliferation and enlargement to spread proliferation with glomerular crescents. Immunofluorescence staining typically showed farinaceous deposition of Ig, decl arative mood of immune complex glomerulonephritis. ( 1 ) Ms MH was put on ACEI for blood force per unit area control. There are groundss that patterned advance of IgA kidney disease may be slowed by ACEI and angiotonin II receptor blockers ( ARB ) . ( 5,6 ) The drugs act by cut downing the intra-glomerular force per unit area and by straight bettering the size-selective belongingss of the glomerular capillary wall, lending to their anti-hypertensive and anti-proteinuric consequence. ( 1 ) In a randomized controlled test, 44 patients with biopsy-proven IgA kidney disease, proteinuria more than or equal to 0.5 gram/d, and serum creatinine less that or equal to 1.5 mg/dL ( 133 umol/L ) were indiscriminately assigned either to have Vasotec or to a control group in whom blood force per unit area was controlled with anti-hypertensives other than ACEI or ARB. At followup of about seven old ages, nephritic endurance, defined as lupus erythematosus that a 50 per centum addition in the serum creatinine concentration, was significantly more likely in the Vasotec group than in the control group: 92 % versus 55 % ( p & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) . There was a important lessening in albuminuria in the Vasotec group, whereas an addition in albuminuria was observed in the control group ( P & A ; lt ; 0.001 between groups ) . Control of blood force per unit area was similar in the two groups. In decision, ACEI significantly improves nephritic endurance in proteinuric IgA kidney disease with norm al or reasonably impaired nephritic map. ( 5 ) High blood pressure, albuminuria of more than 1 gram per twenty-four hours, impaired nephritic map at the clip of diagnosing, relentless microscopic hematuria, and high glomerular histopathological tonss stand out as consistent and strong forecasters of hapless nephritic endurance harmonizing to literatures and cohort surveies from around the universe. ( 3,7,8 ) Ms MH demonstrates the first three hapless predictive factors of the above list and therefore she is expected to be at hazard of holding progressive disease in following few old ages. IgA kidney disease is a global disease and the cause of end-stage nephritic failure in 15-20 per centum of patients within 10 old ages and in 30 to 40 per centum of persons within 20 old ages from evident oncoming of disease. Harmonizing to Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews in the 3rd one-fourth of 2009, the optimum direction of IgA nephropathy remains unsure. Consequences from small-scaled randomised controlled tests favoured the usage of immunosuppressive intercessions, with the most promising agent being steroids, which were associated with a lower hazard of patterned advance to end-stage nephritic failure ( comparative hazard [ RR ] 0.44, 95 % assurance interval [ CI ] 0.25 to 0.8 ) and lower urinary protein elimination ( leaden mean difference [ WMD ] -0.49 g/day, 95 % CI -0.72 to -0.120 ) . Urinary protein elimination was lower for patients treated with alkylating agents or cyclosporin compared to placebo or no intervention. Further survey is necessary to determine which pa tients would profit from these intercessions. ( 9 ) Tables and figures ( non more than 2 ) : Reference ( non more than 10 ) : ** Brady HR, O'Meara YM, Brenner BM. Glomerular diseases. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et Al, explosive detection systems. Harrison ‘s rules of internal medical specialty, 16th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005:1674-94. Julian BA, Waldo FB, Rifai A, Mestecky J. IgA kidney disease, the most common glomerulonephritis worldwide. A ignored disease in the United States? Am J Med, 1988 ; 84:129-132. Donadio JV, Grande JP. IgA nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2002 ; 347:738-48. Li PKT, Lai KN. IgA nephropathy in Hong Kong. Journal of the Hong Kong Medial Association, 1989 ; 1:93-5. Praga M, Gutierrez E, Gonzalez E, Morales E. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with ACE inhibitors: A randomized and controlled test. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2003 ; 14:1578-83. Li PK, Leung CB, Chow KM, Cheng YL, Fung SK, Mak SK, Tang AW, Wong TY, Yung CY, Yung JC, Yu AW, Szeto CC ; HKVIN Study Group. Hong Kong survey utilizing Diovans in IgA nephropathy ( HKVIN ) : a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled survey. Am J Kidney Dis, 2006 ; 47:751-60. Li J, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Li G, Zou W, Wang H. Natural history of Ig A kidney disease and prognostic factors of forecast: a long-run follow up of 204 instances in China. Nephrology, 2008 ; 13:242-6. Chacko B, John GT, Neelakantan N, Korula A, Balakrishnan N, Kirubakaran MG, Jacob CK. Presentation, forecast and result of IgA kidney disease in Indian grownups. Nephrology, 2005 ; 10:496-503 Barkat R, Molony DA, Samuels JA. Immunosuppressive agents for handling IgA kidney disease. Cochrane Database of systematic Reviews. 3rd One-fourth, 2009No of words ( excepting mentions ) : ____1260 _____**The instance study will be REJECTED if the campaigners fail to adhere to the above format.DeclarationI do solemnly and unfeignedly declare that the instance study submitted represents my ain work. I have been in clinical contact with the instance selected. The instance study has non been submitted to any assessment board or publication and it is NOT related to my 2nd forte ( Internet Explorers ) , if any. My consent is herewith given to the College to maintain a transcript of my instance study, in written and/or electronic, at the College Secretariat and let the populace to hold free entree to the work for mention.______________________( Signed by _______________ )

20 Definition Essay Topics Top Climate Change Issues to Discuss

20 Definition Essay Topics Top Climate Change Issues to Discuss Writing a definition essay is a creative writing assignment which requires you to take a key concept from your studies and narrow down a single word which you can then define based on support from the text you are reviewing and other texts. That being said, from the topics below you will need to derive a single word which can be better defined with the topic, or vice versa. For example: if you take the first topic, you would want to better define what that is based on one word or define the concept of human impact on the environment within the context of a conventional conservation approach using key supportive data from reputable sources (to do this you can use our facts on the biocultural approach to the climate change). This can be a bit tricky which is why it is important for you to review your requirements and the topics carefully. The topics listed above are only meant as a guide and it can be difficult to review useful topics that can be used for a definition essay, since the definition essay itself is likely going to cover just one word. That being said, below is an example essay on one of the topics above. Conventional Approaches toward Conservation of the Environment and Considerations of Impacts of Humans Human Interaction with Nature rather than Separation from It Transformation of Natural Resources Climate Change Human Intervention Human Relationships with the Environment Ecological Health Sustainable Development Biocultural Diversity Cultural Diversity Biological Diversity Linguistic Diversity Cultural and Ecological Conservation Biocultural Trenches Core Areas Indigenous Knowledge Absence of Mutual Isolation Coevolution Inextricable Link Mutual Influences Definition Essay Sample: Biocultural Diversity Biocultural diversity refers to the diversity that links biology with culture. This takes the form of linking human culture to natural biology. While once thought to be two very separate ideas and in fact concepts harmful to each other and unable to live together, it has instead been found that these two ideas live now and flourish in tandem with one another. Historical and philosophical viewpoints toward humanity and nature have historically defined human impact as detrimental to the world of nature and something which has wrought dysfunction on the otherwise pristine and virgin natural environment which existed without human interference. This idea has made it challenging to define the relationship between nature and humans, as the only viable solutions presented were those which looked toward a non-human solution, a way of improving nature without humans. Historically studies have explored linguistic diversity as a single element as well as biological diversity as a single element . However, in each case the focus is on the single element and/or its impact on other cultural or natural elements, and not on one another. Now, a new definition exists which better encompasses newer ethnobiological findings. It was the International Society of Ethnobiology which declared in 1988 that there was a link between local and indigenous knowledge about plants, animals, habitats, ecological relations, functions, and low environmental impact that translated to sustainability of traditional forms for the use of natural resources. Humans have successfully maintained, as well as enhanced and in some cases even created biodiversity by way of the diverse cultural practices of managing otherwise â€Å"wild† resources and by the varied ways of raising domesticated animal species such as through animal husbandry, agroforestry, fire, and horticulture. Previous schools of thoughts defined biological diversity and cultural diversity as two very different things, one of which applied to humans while the other applied to nature. In addition to this, historical schools of thought believed that the impact of human culture was harmful to the diversity of the natural biology and as such, in order to restore natural biological diversity to its original pristine level, the impact and influence of human diversity and cultural diversity in particular had to be removed. However, this study was particularly important as a counter measure to that idea insofar as it found a link existing between the environment and humans, one which was interdependent and at a global level. That means that both humans and nature must be preserved together. Mapping of cultural diversity and biological diversity, cross compared offer independent support for the findings, which revealed a unique coincidence between the diversity among natural tropics and those countries which are culturally and linguistically diverse. The correlation suggests that higher levels of vertebrate species and higher languages are commonly correlated to areas where there exists a wider range of natural diversity among the local biology. The communication and transmission of cultural values, practices, and knowledge is done through communication, which highlights the important role played by language. This has resulted in the definition of the term â€Å"biocultural diversity† wherein both areas merge together to create one intrinsic relationship which is co-dependent and only able to thrive with the existence of both components. Biocultural diversity today is now better defined as the diversity of all areas of life including biological diversity, cultural diversity and linguistic diversity all three of which are shown to be interrelated and likely co-evolved together. This reflects upon a socio-ecological adaptive system which has formed thanks to the diversity of habitats, individual animal and plant species, and ecosystems in addition to the diversity of human culture and language. Biocultural diversity therefore is a term which reflects not just upon the variety and diversity found in all of these areas but in the way that these diversities exist in tandem with one another, interact with one another, and influence each other in complex fashions. What’s more, there are links among these ranges of diversities which have developed through mutual adaptation. References Agnoletti, Mauro, and Ian D. Rotherham. Landscape And Biocultural Diversity.  Biodiversity and Conservation  24.13 (2015): 3155-3165. Web. Carlson, Thomas J. S, and Luisa Maffi.  Ethnobotany And Conservation Of Biocultural Diversity. Bronx, N.Y.: New York Botanical Garden Press, 2004. Print. Claussen, E. CLIMATE POLICY: Enhanced: An Effective Approach To Climate Change.  Science306.5697 (2004): 816-816. Web. Maffi, Luisa.  On Biocultural Diversity. Washington [D.C.]: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001. Print. Martinez-Reyes, Jose. Biocultural Diversity Conservation: A Global Sourcebook.  Ethnobiology Letters  3.0 (2012): 61. Web. PFEIFFER, JEANINE M., and ROBERT A. VOEKS. Biological Invasions And Biocultural Diversity: Linking Ecological And Cultural Systems.  Envir. Conserv.  35.04 (2008): 281. Web. Schmidt, Robert C. A Balanced-Efforts Approach For Climate Cooperation.  Nature Climate Change5.1 (2014): 10-12. Web.

The witness of a century essays

The witness of a century essays Victoria Belcourt was born on 19 November 1861, in the Mtis community of Lac Ste Anne, which was located northwest of Edmonton, part of Ruperts Land, was owned and controlled by the Hudsons Bay Company. The area would not become part of Canada for another eight years. Victorias father was a Mtis, one of a people formed as a result of intermarriage between French men and First Nations women. Her mother was a lightly respected medicine Cree woman, which was spending much of her time gathering special plants, which were carefully dried, reduced to a powder, and stored in leather pouches or birchbark containers, identified by coded marks. Victoria has seen more than one century of life, she is maybe one of the most important witnesses of Mtis, Cree and First Nations lives. At the age of thirteen Victoria participated for the first time to a buffalo hunt in a Red River cart, she describes this experience with so much enthusiasm... The buffalo hunts in Mtis life were one of the most important things in their life, which convolved not only the men but even the women, which help was essential; in fact the hunt was a traditional custom which required the participation of about one hundred families. Buffalo gave them food, clothes, tipis, made of buffalo skins, which were very comfortable, strong, warm, waterproof and easily to put up and taken down. This kind of awnings was essential for these adventures, which lasted all the spring and the most part of the summer. After the men hunted the buffalo, the women s job was to dry, cook, and make the buffalo meat into pemmican, which was the major source of income for the Mtis, since when the Europeans discovered that a small amount of this nutritious food could keep a person alive for many days. When she was seventeen, Victoria married Louis Calli ...

Free Essays on The Storm

â€Å"The Storm† In the short story â€Å"The Storm† the major components that are emphasized are plot, character, and setting. These components work together in order to make the reader visualize life from the characters’ point of view. The author, Kate Chopin, tells the story in a unique way that helps the reader understand the main characters’ attitudes. The title of the story, â€Å"The Storm†, has a twofold meaning. An actual storm that takes place in the remote Louisiana country sets off a chain of events that contributes to the passionate storm that occurs between the two main characters. The events that make up the plot begin when bad weather forces Bobinot and his son, Bibi, to remain at the store until it passes. This leaves Bobinot’s wife, Calixta, home alone. The bad weather also forces Alcee, Calixta’s old boyfriend, to seek shelter under her gallery. As a result of the driving rain, Alcee and Calixta went inside the house. A loud burst of thunder sent startled Calixta staggering backwards into Alcee’s arms. The physical contact between the two â€Å"aroused all the old-time infatuation and desire for her flesh† (97). They gave in to temptation â€Å"that unconsciously betrayed a sensuous desire† (97). Soon afterward, the storm passes and Alcee was on his way. Bobinot and Bibi return home where Calixta was preparing supper. She â€Å"seemed to express nothing but satisfaction at their safety† (98) and pretended that everything was just fine. That night, Alcee wrote a letter to his wife, Clarisse, telling her n ot to hurry back from her vacation in Biloxi. Clarisse was glad to receive her husband’s letter, and was willing to stay where she was. The locale is set in the southern Louisiana countryside; this is shown from the dialect that is used throughout the story. The setting is a very important factor in this story. Because it was set in an isolated area, where there was little... Free Essays on The Storm Free Essays on The Storm The title, of â€Å"The Storm,† has connotations of a universal swell of energy and fervor of the natural world that is obvious during the encounter of Calixta and Alcee. Just as the storm matures from the first spark of energy, likewise, Calixta is a sexually mature woman, claiming her part in the natural world. Unfortunately, as a consequence of the times, society’s attitude is intolerant of a woman’s expression of sexuality. Furthermore, Calixta’s commitment to her marriage forces her to be oppressed from expressing the sexual being within herself. During the rage of the storm’s fury, intense with the explosion of energy flowing from the storm, the escalating passion and energy also swells between Calixta and Alcee; â€Å" they seemed to swoon together at the very borderland of life’s mystery†(492) while Calixta and Alcee break free from the constraints of their marriage vows. Giving into the storm of passion that until now, neither Calixa nor Alcee has ever experienced, they give into the sexual energy and release the passion that is presently hindered in both of them. As a result, Calixta’s â€Å" the generous abundance of her passion, without guile or trickery, was like a white flame which penetrated and found repose in depths of his ow n sensuous nature that had never been reached†(492). The final line of â€Å"The Storm† is a metaphor for the relationships between Calixta, Bobinate, Clarissa and Alcee, and is positioned to create an uncertain ending of the encounter between Calixta and Alcee: â€Å"So the storm passed and everyone was happy†(493). One may see the storm’s passage as implying a happy ending or one may see it as implying that the storm will eventually return, possibly with the intent to express the fervor and powerful energy that may eventually destroy families or lives. As the nature of recurring storms, Calixta’s new founded sexual desires will return with powerful forces of energy and chemis... Free Essays on The Storm â€Å"The Storm† In Kate Chopin’s short story â€Å"The Storm†, we are introduced to two families: Calixta, Bobinot and Bibi; Alcee and Clarisse, and are asked to take a look at a moment in their lives during a severe storm. What parallels the storm as it builds to a climax and then recedes is an intimate passion between two past loves, Calixta and Alcee, but what does this moment of intimacy really mean to them and their families? We must first take a look at each family and get an understanding of how they relate to each as a family member. The father son relationship between Bobinot and Bibi appears to be one of a strong mutual trust and love for each other. As we are learning that there is a storm â€Å"rolling with sinister intention from the west† (32), we see how with great concern their safety is for one another. Bibi places â€Å"his little hand on his father’s knee† (32) as to console him and protect him from the building storm. We also know that at home Calixta, who is busy with her homemaking â€Å"sewing furiously† (32), takes a moment to think about Bobinot and Bibi and has â€Å"no uneasiness for their safety† (32). She knows that together they are safe because of the strong bond they all share. When we take a look at Alcee and his wife Clarisse, we only get a small window into their relationship, but enough to understand their deep love for one another as well. Alcee writes to his wife, â€Å"a loving letter† (35), to where she is vacationing in Biloxi to inform her to stay longer and enjoy being with her friends and the children. Alcee realizes that â€Å"their health and pleasure were the first things to be considered† (35) and will endure his separation from them in order to bring them happiness. Clarisse was â€Å"charmed† (35) to receive the letter from her husband, maybe this is the first time in a long time Clarisse has been able to see old friends and reminisce, she enjoys â€Å"the first free breath since her marri... Free Essays on The Storm â€Å"The Storm† In the short story â€Å"The Storm† the major components that are emphasized are plot, character, and setting. These components work together in order to make the reader visualize life from the characters’ point of view. The author, Kate Chopin, tells the story in a unique way that helps the reader understand the main characters’ attitudes. The title of the story, â€Å"The Storm†, has a twofold meaning. An actual storm that takes place in the remote Louisiana country sets off a chain of events that contributes to the passionate storm that occurs between the two main characters. The events that make up the plot begin when bad weather forces Bobinot and his son, Bibi, to remain at the store until it passes. This leaves Bobinot’s wife, Calixta, home alone. The bad weather also forces Alcee, Calixta’s old boyfriend, to seek shelter under her gallery. As a result of the driving rain, Alcee and Calixta went inside the house. A loud burst of thunder sent startled Calixta staggering backwards into Alcee’s arms. The physical contact between the two â€Å"aroused all the old-time infatuation and desire for her flesh† (97). They gave in to temptation â€Å"that unconsciously betrayed a sensuous desire† (97). Soon afterward, the storm passes and Alcee was on his way. Bobinot and Bibi return home where Calixta was preparing supper. She â€Å"seemed to express nothing but satisfaction at their safety† (98) and pretended that everything was just fine. That night, Alcee wrote a letter to his wife, Clarisse, telling her n ot to hurry back from her vacation in Biloxi. Clarisse was glad to receive her husband’s letter, and was willing to stay where she was. The locale is set in the southern Louisiana countryside; this is shown from the dialect that is used throughout the story. The setting is a very important factor in this story. Because it was set in an isolated area, where there was little... Free Essays on The Storm Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† takes place in a town somewhere in New Orleans, Louisiana. The setting of this story, forces the main characters Calixta and Alce to rediscover feelings they had for each other, and reveal hidden aspects of themselves. The omniscient author emphasizes the elements of the storm that takes place in the story, because the storm itself forced the plot to take place. The events leading up to the plot of the story, had a domino effect on each other. Each event contributed to the following, which made the plot inevitable. Timing is the most important element that is responsible for the development of this story. If the events in the story did not happen with such time accuracy, then the story may not have been a story or it may not have turned out the way it did. So timing is the building block for plot and the events leading up to the plot of the story. The fact that Bobinot and Bibi, Calixta’s husband and son respectively, stayed at the store until the storm was over, was the second element that contributed to the main characters Calixta and Alce having sex. If Bobinot and Bibi were home at the time of the storm, Calixta and Alce would not have had an opportunity to have sex. She would not have gravitated towards Alce for comfort during the storm if her husband and son were at home. She would have found refuge in her husband, not Alce. Another domino to add to the trail was when the winds were so strong and Calixta had to go outside to retrieve Bobinot’s clothes off of the line. At that time Alce was passing by on his horse, he saw her, and then stopped. If Alce did not see Calixta, he probably would not have stopped. And when he stopped and decided to seek shelter on Calixta’s porch, the winds were so bad, that he had to go into the house. â€Å"â€Å"Come ‘long in, M’sieur Alce.† His voice and her own startled her as if from a trance, and s...

What effect does the pressure of standardized testing have on student Thesis Proposal - 1

What effect does the pressure of standardized testing have on student expectations and performance - Thesis Proposal Example oposed research will play a significant role in enabling educators to improve the process of standardized testing that may result in a positive impact on students’ performance rather than vice versa. Research Questions In order to collect data, the researcher has identified following questions that will enable the researcher in fulfilling abovementioned aims and objectives of the proposed research: You need to paste your questionnaire here LITERATURE REVIEW The statement â€Å"What effect does the pressure of standardized testing have on student expectations and performance?† has come under many studies, researches and theories since it is one of the most vital and significant subject of concern for the youth of twenty first century as they are living in the world of paramount competition. This topic has been under constant discussions and disputes with many controversial results amongst the academic researchers, professors and lecturers, and parents as everybody has a different perspective on the influence and performance on students of the standardized testing. However, the preliminary concept of standardized testing has emerged in order to assess and calculate the knowledge, understanding, and efficiency of students within the academic learning systems that comes under practice in the United States and many other countries. In addition, education systems even exercise the standardized testing with a purpose to establish, form and outline the program of study for the students according to their performance and skills level (Henningfeld, 2007).   Various educational institutions carry out numerous standardized tests as eligibility criteria of admission in the college or school all around the world includes â€Å"Scholastic Assessment Tests (SAT), Graduate Management... The statement â€Å"What effect does the pressure of standardized testing have on student expectations and performance?† has come under many studies, researches and theories since it is one of the most vital and significant subject of concern for the youth of twenty first century as they are living in the world of paramount competition. This topic has been under constant discussions and disputes with many controversial results amongst the academic researchers, professors and lecturers, and parents as everybody has a different perspective on the influence and performance on students of the standardized testing. However, the preliminary concept of standardized testing has emerged in order to assess and calculate the knowledge, understanding, and efficiency of students within the academic learning systems that comes under practice in the United States and many other countries. In addition, education systems even exercise the standardized testing with a purpose to establish, form and outline the program of study for the students according to their performance and skills level (Henningfeld, 2007). Various educational institutions carry out numerous standardized tests as eligibility criteria of admission in the college or school all around the world includes â€Å"Scholastic Assessment Tests (SAT), Graduate Management Aptitude Tests (GMAT), Law School Admission Testing (LSAT) and Medical College Admission Tests (MCAT) and numerous others† (Henningfeld, 2007).

Economic Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic Policies - Essay Example Such happened after the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) permeated 36 billion yuan (or HK$45.2 billion) to be fed to its banking system via bills and forward bond repurchase agreements which motivated short term loans in the market that was scaled up last month (Reuters, 2013, p. 1; The Economist, 2013, p. 1). Banking sector current condition While they are hopeful that the money market rates will be normalized by July, but economists began to note that the bond repurchase in seven days slumped to 69 bps to 4.76 % since June, the zenith period for liquidity squeeze (Reuters, 2013, p. 1). The overnight repossession rate dropped 63 bps to 3.79 % and the 14-day rate lurched nearly 100 bps to 5.09% based on reports (Reuters, 2013, p. 1; The Economist, 2013, p. 1). ... 1; The Economist, 2013, p. 1). Critics pointed that China lacked the capacity exercise the standard monetary policy and governance pointing the lack of better stimulus packages that is best exercised by the Japanese government (The Economist, 2013, p. 1). It is most poised for deleveraging its system noting how its credit system grows expediently than its annual growth domestic product (GDP) (The Economist, 2013, p. 1). The total social financing lowered its ratio hence, affecting its interbank fiscal condition with the cash at critical situation. Need for reform Some critics recommended that structural reform should be undertaken for Chinese banking system, suggesting the need to undertake initiatives to liberalize the interest rates and to raising prices of utilities. The problem is further exacerbated by the heavy public spending and tax cuts (Dobson & Kashyap, 2006, pp. 103-108). Its economy is likewise heavily dependent on exports and its government needs to grapple with its hig h level economic issues with its neighbours and with countries with which they have trading relations (Dobson et al., 2006, pp. 103-108). The credit ratio of the country also scaled up, higher than what they have from its monetary conditions in the past. While it’s admitted that increasing credits for domestic entrepreneurs of China could help improve the resource needs of these small businesses but the returns remained undertrained, and so is the payment (Dobson et al., 2006, pp. 103-108). It is not likewise certain if these entrepreneurs possessed such credit worthiness that would warrant fast and expedient repayment of loans and interests, especially so that most

Ideas in management - ANZ Banking Corporation case study Assignment

Ideas in management - ANZ Banking Corporation case study - Assignment Example The business strategy of ANZ is based on three different pillars namely, balancing the growth in the domestic and international front, building super regional capabilities and focusing on customer to gain competitive advantage. The purpose of this paper is to focus on issues of corporate governance and ethics of ANZ bank. The idea is to explore the sustainable ethical and corporate governance practices of banking industry in general and compare them to the practices that have been adopted by ANZ. The issue of corporate governance has become an integral part of governing the success of banks. The importance of banks in the economy is fundamental as banks play the role of allocating resources effectively and propels expansion of almost every sector of the economy. Following healthy corporate governance practices, is important for retaining the trust of the investors and conducting business for banks. The paper first provides a picture of the current corporate governance practices adopted by ANZ and then critically evaluates the same in the light of abuse of ethical issues by the banking sector. ANZ have committed itself to the continuous development of corporate governance practices by embracing a system of continuous disclosure to its key stakeholders. The corporate governance of ANZ is based on adopting the best practices in the banking industry that has been accepted internationally, to be the first mover in case of adopting ethical practices and take a proactive role in formulating best practices of corporate governance. The wide scale of geographic operations of ANZ makes it necessary for it to follow corporate governance standards of multiple nations like Australia, New Zealand and Asian countries (ANZ Bank, 2013). In order to ensure that the business follows ethical business practices, the ANZ board of directors follows a detailed ethics policy framework that covers fraud policy, anti-bribery and anti-corruption policy, policies against employee harassment,

Reflective and action plan evaluating positive and negative aspects of Essay

Reflective and action plan evaluating positive and negative aspects of the experience(my experience - Essay Example During my tenure at the ministry, I was responsible for the maintenance of records and making correspondences with the clients and other relevant stakeholders of the department, through sending and receiving mails. Occasionally I could accompany the tax collecting team to assist them, especially when the workload was more for them. This way, I also got an opportunity to meet and interact with different types of entrepreneurs, managers and business people, allowing me to enhance my communication skills while also learning some relevant business skills. Nevertheless, there are numerous challenges that come with such a job position, or any other job that entails dealing directly with clients (Brink and Berndt, 2004, p.77). While dealing with clients directly, tolerance and patience are some of the vital aspects that an individual should possess since some clients are uncooperative, while still others lack understanding. Thus, my tenure at the tax department has prepared me well for any future responsibility. Discussion Working is a responsibility that entails diverse concepts, as opposed to being a one-sided issue. While being recruited at the Saudi Arabian ministry of finance, Department of Tax, the consideration was made for the position of a clerical officer, whose responsibility entailed the maintenance of records and making correspondences with the clients and other relevant stakeholders of the department, through sending and receiving mails. However, in the course of my tenure in the department, it became apparent that employees, regardless of the job position they have been recruited for, must be flexible and adaptable to the multi-faceted working environment, which requires them to undertake some responsibilities which were not part of the initial job description, based on the prevailing circumstances. Thus, an individual is forced to switch roles and tasks, depending on how the situation and the expectations changes (Mintzberg, 1989 p72). Having been recr uited as a clerical officer responsible for maintenance of records and making correspondences, I ended-up working as a member of the tax collection team, whenever the team was over-burdened by the workload, or under circumstances where there was little clerical work to be undertaken. Additionally, I was delegated some duties that ought to be managerial duties, which included representing my seniors in certain meetings. Therefore, the first significant experience that I obtained from working in the Tax department of the Saudi Arabian ministry of Finance is flexibility and adaptability to changing situations and organizational needs, which can see an employee engaging in a responsibility that is totally different, from the initial responsibilities, as indicated under the job description (Brink & Berndt, 2004 p43). The next invaluable lesson that I learnt during my tenure in the Tax department is the value and the role of teamwork and interpersonal relationship within an organization. While every employee is recruited as an individual into an organization, there is no way in which the employee can fulfill the duties and responsibilities

Doctrine of Freedom of Seas Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Doctrine of Freedom of Seas - Term Paper Example In the First United Nations Conference at Geneva in 1958, and the second conference in Geneva, 1960, third conference in Caracas in 1973, later in Geneva and New York, the problem was discussed; but unanimity decision could not be arrived at for a long time. According to some, the earlier doctrine of Freedom of Seas, the Laissez Faire â€Å"has been designed specifically to favor the strong countries over the weak countries, the industrialized countries over the poor, and the developed over the developing,† Njenga in Payoyo (p.69), because there are inequalities in the traditional law of the sea. Hence it was necessary for the modern doctrine to adjust well with the Doctrine of Coastal State Sovereignty. Countries outside Europe feel that the present law is rather ‘Eurocentric’ â€Å"The idea that beyond the narrow confines of the territorial sea, the Coastal State would retain jurisdiction and control over adjacent resources, living and non-living, as well as all economic activities conducted therein, was realised through the sui generis regime of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ),† (Ibid, p.72). Modern Freedom of the Seas governs unrestricted access to the high seas, beyond the national territory. Initially, it was established by Romans, was challenged by Papal Bull in the 16th century, trying hard to divide the oceans between the then naval powers of Portugal and Spain. In the 18th century, the rights over the territorial waters were extended up to 3 miles. During the war, the United States argued that neutral ships should be permitted into the territorial waters to carry goods, while military blockade, war planning all affected this law in those unsettled days. When naval power was at its zenith, this law was an important bone of contention. After the French revolution when Britain and France imposed the maritime blockade, the matter went to the extent of America declaring war on Britain!

Australian law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australian law - Essay Example If a professional adviser is found to knowingly having provided or failed to provide information that exposes the advisee to incur any losses or damages on their part, this considered to be a breach of duty. All professionals are generally held to an established and reasonable standard of basic care and professionalism. Professionals are generally required to have the necessary learning and skill that is seen to be commonly processed by members who happen to be held in good standing within their basic profession.2 However, any lack of the proper degree of training, failure by the professional to attempt to follow up on a client’s progress, failure to remain appropriately conversant with any new emerging discoveries in the field, or failure to refer to a specialist in the event that it proves to be necessary can all be seen to constitute of negligence.3 As exemplified in the line of reasoning followed in the Hedley Byrne ruling, when an adviser communicates information to an ad visee in order that the information might be used for a generally described or particularly specified purpose, and the advisee acts on this advice to his detriment, the adviser is found to fundamentally be guilty of negligence.4 Effects of Donoghue V Stevenson (1932) A decision by the British house of commons in 1932 concerning the alleged presence of a snail inside a ginger beer bottle is commonly perceived to be the best known judgment in the entire common law world. It is widely regarded as the primary foundation law of negligence throughout the entire British Commonwealth.5 Although the ruling of Donoghue V Stevenson (1932), was initially mostly applied to judgments pertaining to manufacturers and the duty of care that they happened to owe the various consumers of their products it was eventually seen to have wider relevance beyond manufacturer liability. In the ruling, Atkins was seen to assert that a duty to exercise case was actually owed to all persons who might be directly affected by one’s actions or omissions that happen to be called in question.6 This is seen to critically affect the liability of all professional advisers as in their event that they provide questionable information that eventually proves to be detrimental to the advisee, they are then effectively held viable for court action. The Effects of Hedley Byrne v. Heller (1963) The Hedley Byrne v. Heller (1963) greatly impacted the overall liability of professional advisers as it was the first decision to recognize the possibility of there being a liability for want can be perceived to be purely economic loss that is not dependent on there being a contractual relationship, for negligent statements. This was seen to affect advisers as any information that they may happen to give while not bound to any contractual agreement can also be seen to create duty of care as it might be relied upon by the advisee in determining whether to enter into a contract.7 Recent Developments in Australi an High Court There have been a number of recent developments in Australia pertaining to the case of professional negligence, in Astley v Austrust Ltd,

Reflective and action plan evaluating positive and negative aspects of Essay

Reflective and action plan evaluating positive and negative aspects of the experience(my experience - Essay Example During my tenure at the ministry, I was responsible for the maintenance of records and making correspondences with the clients and other relevant stakeholders of the department, through sending and receiving mails. Occasionally I could accompany the tax collecting team to assist them, especially when the workload was more for them. This way, I also got an opportunity to meet and interact with different types of entrepreneurs, managers and business people, allowing me to enhance my communication skills while also learning some relevant business skills. Nevertheless, there are numerous challenges that come with such a job position, or any other job that entails dealing directly with clients (Brink and Berndt, 2004, p.77). While dealing with clients directly, tolerance and patience are some of the vital aspects that an individual should possess since some clients are uncooperative, while still others lack understanding. Thus, my tenure at the tax department has prepared me well for any future responsibility. Discussion Working is a responsibility that entails diverse concepts, as opposed to being a one-sided issue. While being recruited at the Saudi Arabian ministry of finance, Department of Tax, the consideration was made for the position of a clerical officer, whose responsibility entailed the maintenance of records and making correspondences with the clients and other relevant stakeholders of the department, through sending and receiving mails. However, in the course of my tenure in the department, it became apparent that employees, regardless of the job position they have been recruited for, must be flexible and adaptable to the multi-faceted working environment, which requires them to undertake some responsibilities which were not part of the initial job description, based on the prevailing circumstances. Thus, an individual is forced to switch roles and tasks, depending on how the situation and the expectations changes (Mintzberg, 1989 p72). Having been recr uited as a clerical officer responsible for maintenance of records and making correspondences, I ended-up working as a member of the tax collection team, whenever the team was over-burdened by the workload, or under circumstances where there was little clerical work to be undertaken. Additionally, I was delegated some duties that ought to be managerial duties, which included representing my seniors in certain meetings. Therefore, the first significant experience that I obtained from working in the Tax department of the Saudi Arabian ministry of Finance is flexibility and adaptability to changing situations and organizational needs, which can see an employee engaging in a responsibility that is totally different, from the initial responsibilities, as indicated under the job description (Brink & Berndt, 2004 p43). The next invaluable lesson that I learnt during my tenure in the Tax department is the value and the role of teamwork and interpersonal relationship within an organization. While every employee is recruited as an individual into an organization, there is no way in which the employee can fulfill the duties and responsibilities

Australian law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australian law - Essay Example If a professional adviser is found to knowingly having provided or failed to provide information that exposes the advisee to incur any losses or damages on their part, this considered to be a breach of duty. All professionals are generally held to an established and reasonable standard of basic care and professionalism. Professionals are generally required to have the necessary learning and skill that is seen to be commonly processed by members who happen to be held in good standing within their basic profession.2 However, any lack of the proper degree of training, failure by the professional to attempt to follow up on a client’s progress, failure to remain appropriately conversant with any new emerging discoveries in the field, or failure to refer to a specialist in the event that it proves to be necessary can all be seen to constitute of negligence.3 As exemplified in the line of reasoning followed in the Hedley Byrne ruling, when an adviser communicates information to an ad visee in order that the information might be used for a generally described or particularly specified purpose, and the advisee acts on this advice to his detriment, the adviser is found to fundamentally be guilty of negligence.4 Effects of Donoghue V Stevenson (1932) A decision by the British house of commons in 1932 concerning the alleged presence of a snail inside a ginger beer bottle is commonly perceived to be the best known judgment in the entire common law world. It is widely regarded as the primary foundation law of negligence throughout the entire British Commonwealth.5 Although the ruling of Donoghue V Stevenson (1932), was initially mostly applied to judgments pertaining to manufacturers and the duty of care that they happened to owe the various consumers of their products it was eventually seen to have wider relevance beyond manufacturer liability. In the ruling, Atkins was seen to assert that a duty to exercise case was actually owed to all persons who might be directly affected by one’s actions or omissions that happen to be called in question.6 This is seen to critically affect the liability of all professional advisers as in their event that they provide questionable information that eventually proves to be detrimental to the advisee, they are then effectively held viable for court action. The Effects of Hedley Byrne v. Heller (1963) The Hedley Byrne v. Heller (1963) greatly impacted the overall liability of professional advisers as it was the first decision to recognize the possibility of there being a liability for want can be perceived to be purely economic loss that is not dependent on there being a contractual relationship, for negligent statements. This was seen to affect advisers as any information that they may happen to give while not bound to any contractual agreement can also be seen to create duty of care as it might be relied upon by the advisee in determining whether to enter into a contract.7 Recent Developments in Australi an High Court There have been a number of recent developments in Australia pertaining to the case of professional negligence, in Astley v Austrust Ltd,

Graduating from High School Essay Example for Free

Graduating from High School Essay Most grade-schoolers dream about the day they will walk across the stage on beginning day and receive their diplomas. They are under the impression they will be free from all work in their life, and be able to finally live. A person graduating from high school can take many directions in life; most graduates also go to dorm at college, travel to college, or start working. First, many graduates run from their parents and desire to go to college as far away from home as possible. When students move away, they get their first feel of living away from home. Which brings everyday jobs like Cooking, cleaning, and doing laundry are a few examples of how college students have to learn to give for themselves. Also, earning a college degree gives a person greater earning like the ability to work in the field of their choice. Going away to college can be a wonderful time for a person to grown-up and start their adult life. Another decision a person may choose after graduating high school is commute to a college. Traveling is not a possibility for everyone graduating high school because of location, but can be a great chance for those who are in drivable distance to a college. Living with parents and driving to college can save college student money because they do not have to pay to dorm. Staying with parents means mom is still around to give home cooked meals and life does not change from high school. Commuting to college can be a great way to save money, while still earning a college degree. Last, many high school students decide not to go to a college and join the work force right after high school. This means they will not be able to pay back expensive school loans and will be able to have more financial freedom in the short term. A person joining the work has the ability to stay in touch with friends in the area they live in and a few years after graduating or find their own place to reside. Joining the work force out of high school is a great option for some people who choose to do so but is not the best plan for those who want to more education. A person’s decision about what they will do after high school, weather it is going away to college, commuting to college or joining the work force, will affect them the rest of their life. A lot of thought and prayer should go into any decision, especially those which will affect a person for the rest of their life. In the end, if a person they believe God wants them to does it will end up the way God wants it.

Customer Satisfaction and Expectation in Hotel

Customer Satisfaction and Expectation in Hotel INTRODUCTION Hospitality is linked to Customer satisfactions because this industry produces and provides customer satisfactions. Now, Customer requirements can be both tangible and intangible but satisfying all of them and hence meeting their requirements is called customer satisfaction. To construct arguments justifying the facilities, layout and ambience of the bedroom, only using the concept as a source of examples to illustrate / support the line of argument. The emphasis is on constructing arguments to justify a detail about the concept. The concept of our hotel revolves around the theme SPORTS. We have decided to build an ALL SPORTS HOTEL in the Cardiff bay area near the millennium stadium, which would be completely focussed on the sports oriented market, for the people who have a niche for sports. Our vision is to amuse and dazzle sports fans. AIM To use and apply theoretical concepts and models to structure a discussion which critically appraises how the proposed hotel concept will meet customer expectations and satisfy customers. The main motive of this piece of work is to research in general terms about what theory says in answer to these questions: What is customer expectation and satisfaction? What are the expectations of hotel customers? What satisfies hotel customers? What is it about my concept that will result in customer satisfaction? To construct arguments justifying the facilities, layout and ambience of the bedroom, only using the concept as a source of examples to illustrate / support the line of argument. The emphasis is on constructing arguments to justify a detail about the concept. WHAT IS CUSTOMER EXPECTATION AND SATISFACTION? Customer Expectation: The definition of customer expectation according to Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (Leonard L) is: the ideas and feelings that a  customer  has about a  product  or  service, based on what he or she needs from it and  expects  it to do. (Consumer  expectation  can be formed by earlier  experiences,  marketing, what other customers say about it,  alertness  of  competitors services, and  product image. If consumer expectations are met, then customer feels satisfied.) The need, desires and ideas of a consumer about a product or facility, and what a customer wants from a service he/she is paying for is called consumer expectations. The level of consumer service is also an aspect, and a consumer might expect to meet effectiveness, cooperation, consistency, assurance in the staff, and a personal interest in his/her patronage. POSSIBLE LEVEL OF CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS AS DESCRIBED BY PARSHURAM, ZEITHAML and BERRY (LEONARD L) (figure 1): CUSTOMER SATISFACTION A business term, is a appraisal of how goods and services supplied by a company meetup or surpass customer expectation. In a aggressive market where companies compete for consumers, customer contentment is seen as a key differentiator and progressively has become a key element of industry strategy. As Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (Leonard L) emphasis, the significance of consumer satisfaction diminishes when a firm has greater than before bargaining power, because consumer satisfaction would be way too low, and consumers would easily have the alternative of leaving for an enhanced hotel offer. There is a significant body of pragmatic literature that establishes the advantages of customer satisfaction for firms. Businesses need to retain existing consumers while targeting non- consumers. Measuring client satisfaction provides a sign of how flourishing the business is at providing products and/or services to the consumers. Consumer satisfaction as described by Bluestein, Abram; M. Moriarty; R. J. Sanderson (2003) is an intangible concept and the actual sign of the state of satisfaction will vary from individual to individual and service to service. The state of satisfaction depends on some particular like both emotional and physical variables which associate with satisfaction behaviour such as return and suggest rate. The stage of satisfaction can also differ depending on other factors such as other products against which the consumer can compare the business products. Factors influencing consumer satisfaction: Product/service features. Exact products or service feature Customer emotions Attributions for service achievement or breakdown Perception of impartiality or fairness Other customers. Price Individual factors the customers mood or emotional state situational factors WHAT ARE THE EXPECTATIONS OF HOTEL CUSTOMERS? To understand the customer expectations from a hotel, we need to think from the customers point of view. When I`m a customer, i expect that i am: (methodology of customer expectations, what he expects from a particular service or hotel) 1. Attention 10. Wide Knowledgeable help 2. Competent, efficient service 11. Friendly nature of staff 3. Anticipation of customers needs 12. To be informed 4. Explanations in customers terms 13. Follow up with 5. Essential Courtesies 14. Honest 6. To be informed of the options 15. Feedback of services 7. Not to be passed around 16. Professional service 8. To be listened to (and heard) 17. Empathetic 9. Personalised attention 18. Respect The involvement of consumers in the modernization process is significant for the development of ground-breaking services and products because very often customers make substantial contributions through the articulation of idea, wishes and needs (Beiger and Graf, 2004) The majority of todays consumer have increasingly higher expectations and tend to be: Informed Confident Independent Educated Consumer-driven Not bound by traditional demographics. WHAT SATISFIES HOTEL CUSTOMERS? A customer is satisfied when his expectations are met. Customer satisfaction is met through The product itself -quality, quantity, presentation, price The service timing and speed to suit the market, efficiency, expertise of staff, appearance and social skills of staff The product support -dà ©cor, display, heating, lighting, linen, glass, cutlery, cleanliness, etc. must all support the product. From marketing viewpoint, it is important to consider the needs and requirements for customer satisfaction for at least three major reasons: People do not buy goods and services for what they are they buy them for what they do for them. Understanding what makes people tick and why they buy things makes it far more likely one will be able to satisfy those needs. If a group of customers display similar behaviours and have similar needs, they form a market segment. It is far easier, and more profitable, to supply a common range of goods and services to a group segment than to a wide-ranging set of individuals. One particular approach to people needs, which fits the hospitality industry very well, was advanced by a behavioural scientist called Abraham Maslow in 1943. He proposed a hierarchy (figure 2) of needs consisting of five levels: Maslows premise is that all of us have needs which require satisfying in ascending order, i.e. higher-level needs only emerge as those immediately proceeding are satisfied. At the base of the triangle are physiological needs of food and drink, necessary for survival. At the next level are the needs of safety and security, represented by the stability of a home, a job, and freedom from anxiety. Then come the need for love, companionship and a sense of belonging. This whole area of needs is central to the hospitality industry whether its a case of providing an intimate family meal for four or a celebration for a victorious sports team. After that is the need for esteem and status. The hospitality industry caters to the egos of its customers as much as to their stomachs, and with some justification. many people are hungrier for recognition than they are for food and drink alone. Warm, friendly greeting and the appropriate use of customers names do much to reinforce their esteem and accord them the status they seek, which gives them mental satisfaction. The need for self-actualization, the desire for self-fulfilment or being the best you can, can be met through activity breaks, featuring special interest groups fishing, golf, antique master-classes, painting, hot air ballooning. Whatever a persons hobby or interests, most activities can be catered for by the hotels over a course of year to satisfy the customer needs. The methodology discussed is actually what a customer expects from service industry. Meeting the consumer expectations will cement relations, increase their fulfilment, and retain their business. Here are six consumer expectations that are the foundation stone of exceptional service and consumer satisfaction: Well-informed and accessible staff: While a consumer is making the buying decision, they want to be well informed, available  when they want it. Friendly people:  Customers not only desire product-confident sales persons, they want them to be welcoming and polite. Value for money:  This is where money factors come in. Customers need value-for-money. Convenience:  The rule here is simple: make it easy! A fast finish:  They want thoughtful help making the right choice. Most business lose 25% of their customers annually and yet most companies spend five time as much on generating new customers on retaining existing ones. Steve Mawson (2000) explains that customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction comes more and more from the way the person is treated. Improved technology, more affluence, greater sophistication, foreign travel, intense competition all play their part in increasing customers expectations of levels of service. WHAT IS IT ABOUT MY CONCEPT THAT WILL RESULT IN CUSTOMER SATISFACTION? As I mentioned earlier, my concept of proposing a hotel in Cardiff Bay Area, Wales is of ALL SPORTS HOTEL. It is located near the Millennium stadium, Cardiff, also Cardiff City FC and Cardiff City Stadium are easily reachable. This hotel would be one of a kind in the market, and will surely attract a fair amount of market due to the immense sporting experience it would offer its customers, and also out-of-the-class facilities available at the hotel. To give a sportier feel its decided that the hotel would be stadium shaped. There would be 120 en-suites on four floors and each of them would be designed with a different theme Ground Floor It would consist of front office, cricket and football themed lobbies, sports museum, an exclusive sports merchandise shop. First Floor Designed for the people who love live for cricket, with 30 en-suites on the name of famous cricketing countries like: ENCHANTING ENGLAND INVINCIBLE INDIA With a theatre where customers can watch live cricket matches going on or specially request matches from the past, with a seating capacity of 30 people and a cricket bar. Second Floor Designed for the football crazy people, and 30 en-suites named on major teams like: CHELSEA FC MANCHESTER UNITED Theatre with 30 people capacity, live and on request matches and all football bar. Third Floor with 40 en-suites, which can be designed on the customer request if he wish to live in his favourite sports room. Like Mr Dave Andrews in presentation said that his favourite football club is BIRMINGHAM FC, so we would design a room with the Club theme, so that no guest goes away disappointed. Fourth floor with 20 en-suites, which would be highly luxurious and designed for international sporting personalities who would love to be satisfied in this all-modern sporting facility hotel. Achieving customer satisfaction can be of ease with an interesting concept like this. Experiencing sporting lifestyle with a touch of nature would be of everyones interest as it is out-of-the-box hotel concept. It is earlier discussed that when the hotel meets customers needs and expectation, customer is satisfied. Margaret M. Kappa, Aleta Nitschke and Patricia B. Schappert states that No other feature or service provided by the hotel will impress the guest than a spotlessly clean and comfortable guest room. This statement is very true because it reflects the hotels reflection and eagerness to provide services and satisfy consumers. After designing the bedroom it is the prime duty of the house keeping dept to maintain the standards. At the end of the day a hotel room is the most revenue generating sector of the hotel. The overall objective of any type of designing activity is to provide services at its best that satisfies customers. The bedroom design must be easily accepted, highly pleasing, comfort zones must be established. But at the same time one must have a clear idea of the budget issued for operations to take place and the level of services to be offered. The way designs and services are offered creates an impact on the customer expectations and satisfactions. In simple words, Designing is a process aimed at meeting customer expectations by shaping activities, resources and processes. Lets explain how a customer will be satisfied by our hotel concept, focussing on The facilities, layout and ambience of the bedroom: A football fan books a room in our hotel as his favourite team Manchester United is playing against Chelsea FC next week in the nearby stadium and is accompanied by his wife and two football maniac kids and books the MAN-U Room in the hotel. As in his booking form he filled that he is a die-hard fan of MAN-U FC and his kids love playing football too. He arrived 2 days before the event and before his arrival his expectations were LAYOUT Big Spacious room, additional rooms for kids, perfectly designed as it is an exclusive sports hotel. FACILITIES Exclusive beddings and room accessories, big TV screen in room, games for kids, 24*7 assistance, entry to exclusive football facilities available. AMBIENCE Sporty, Energetic vibrant. How was he satisfied Layout He was offered a MAN-U theme en-suite on the football floor i.e. 2nd floor for  £80 +  £40(kids room). It was a big spacious room + adjoining kids room with the balcony facing towards the millennium stadium where his favourite team MAN-U will be competing after 2 days, so that he might catch a glimpse of his favourite stars or 2. Walls were exclusively designed keeping the MAN-U theme in mind, with his favourite stars wallpapers. Walls in the kids room were specially designed keeping the MAN-U FOR KIDS theme in mind, satisfied the guest with the layout of the room. Facilities Exclusive MAN-U beddings and accessories was the room designed with. MAN-U themed curtains, alarm clock, table lamp Games for kids was pre-installed in the room, big TV screens were installed in the room as well as in the bathroom so that our guest dont even miss a bit of football and guest even enjoyed exclusive MAN-U players interviews and past matches of MAN-U free of cost. He was even offered free entry to the all-exclusive football bar which included 2 free drinks and unlimited soft-drinks/juices for kids, where he can watch and support MAN-U play with a complete stadium like scenario, satisfied his expectations for the facilities being provided. AMBIENCE The time he entered the room he noticed that the room was completely designed on his favourite team, the floor looked like artificial grass and at both the ends of the wall an imaginary goal-post were present. When he called the room service for order the attendant came dressed like a footballer and the dishes in which food was served was completely based on the theme Football. Exclusive football bar was full with fans, supporting their favourite team and enjoying with other fans. The customer expectations of ambience were also met and he was satisfied. The Guest was satisfied with the services being provided and enjoyed his stay at THE ALL SPORTS HOTEL and promised to return in near future.